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With the retirement of Justice John Paul Stevens and President Obama declaring he would like to have Stevens' replacement confirmed before the court's new term begins in October, people are discussing Federal Judges. Two questions keep circulating: whether there are different types of Federal Judges and how do they get selected.
There are seven types of Federal Judges: (1) Supreme Court justices, (2) court of appeals, (3) district judges, (4) U.S. Court of International Trade, (5) bankruptcy judges, (6) magistrate judges, (7) U.S. Court of Federal Claims.
Supreme Court justices, court of appeals, district judges and the U.S. Court of International Trade are established by Article III of the Constitution. Names of nominees are recommended by senators or sometimes members of the House. The President then makes his nominations. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts confirmation hearings for each nominee. Article III Judges are appointed for life and never get a pay cut to exercise what the Constitution calls the "judicial power of the United States." The reasoning behind this is to guaranty Article III Judges will never fear making politically or socially unpopular decisions.
There are no official requirements to become an Article III Judge. However, throughout U.S. History all were private attorneys, state judges, other federal court judges or law professors prior to their Article III nomination and confirmation.
Bankruptcy, magistrate, and U.S. Court of Federal Claims Judges are not Judges under Article III of the Constitution. These judges are appointed for specific terms and are not protected from a guarantied no pay reduction. There is a statutory requirement for bankruptcy and magistrate judges to be lawyers.
Bankruptcy judges are appointed by the majority of the US court of appeals to exercise jurisdiction over bankruptcy matters. Bankruptcy judges are appointed for 14 year terms and handle almost all bankruptcy matters.
Magistrate judges are appointed by the majority vote of the active district judges of the court to exercise jurisdiction over matters delegated by the district judges and assigned by statute. Magistrate judges are appointed for 8 year terms and their duties vary from court to court.
U.S. Court of Federal Claims are appointed by the President. U.S. Court of Federal Claims is a special court that hears claims for money damages in excess of $10,000 against the United States. U.S. Court of Claims judges are appointed for 15 year terms.
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